Household Water Use and Management Practices in Jema’a LGA: Challenges and Sustainability Issues

Abstract

Ensuring clean and reliable water is essential for public health and household well-being, yet many communities still face significant water-related challenges. This study examines household water sources, usage patterns, and the difficulties experienced in Jema’a Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Using a mixed-method approach with structured surveys and direct observations from 100 households selected via stratified random sampling data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. The findings reveal that households rely mainly on boreholes, hand-dug wells, rivers, and water vendors. Major challenges include water quality concerns, high costs, and seasonal shortages. Chi-square analyses provided nuanced insights: although the test for overall household income versus water access was non-significant (p=0.539p=0.539), a separate analysis assessing the effect of income on access to reliable water produced significant results (p=0.000p=0.000). This suggests that while income may not determine water access in all aspects, financial capacity plays a critical role in securing safe and dependable water sources. Households cope with shortages by rationing water, purchasing from vendors, and using covered storage containers. To improve water security, the study recommends expanding government-funded borehole projects, promoting rainwater harvesting, enhancing community water management, and adopting affordable pricing mechanisms. Strengthening water infrastructure and raising awareness are crucial for achieving sustainable, safe, and equitable water access for all households in the region.